My Vienna: Otto Wagner’s architectural legacy in the capital city
Featured: On the Linke Wienzeile, opposite the Naschmarkt at right – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
What: Among many are 2 key structures: Post Savings Bank, Steinhof church.
Why: Some of the most important architectural examples of 20th-century modernism.
Where: Examples found throughout the city of Vienna.
To visit Vienna is to know Otto Wagner. A first-time visitor to the city will be forgiven for not knowing about Wagner or his creations, but throughout their time spent in the Austrian capital, they’ll encounter Wagner’s early 20th-century “Modern Architecture”.
Vienna is for many the city of Beethoven, Mozart, and Strauss; the city of historic and stylish cafés with coffee and Sacher Torte; the city whose pride is revealed in the combined World Heritage Site that are the classic period architecture within the Old Town and the beautiful palace and gardens at Schönbrunn. Flowing through the city is the Danube river, memorialized in Johann Strauss II’s “An der schönen blauen Donau” (The Blue Danube).
The evolution of architectural style is plainly evident throughout the city. Around the Ringstrasse (inner ring road) is architecture in the Historicism style, with big nods to Neoclassicism in the Parliament, Neo-Gothic in City Hall and the Votivkirche, and a lot of Neo-Renaissance represented by the City Theatre, Art History Museum, Natural History Museum, Opera House, and the University.
But as calendars flipped from 1899 to 1900, the fin-du-siècle heralded a move to bold thinking, different style, and a change in the way and reasons why buildings were put together. Consequently, Vienna is a city of 20th-century modernism whose traces are found in art, architecture, and urban planning. Even with post-war reconstruction in the mid-20th century and a mindful push for environmental rigour in the 21st-century, Vienna still remains in many ways Otto Wagner’s city.
Wagner Modernism
Wagner’s architectural designs were informed by contemporary “best of classic” architectural styles exhibited on the city’s Ringstrasse, but Secession, Art Nouveau, and “modernism” took hold, shaping Wagner’s nascent ideas and designs to meet and match the demands of function with appropriate form. With the latest advances in materials technology, he created a new visual language connecting and combining the visual aesthetic of urban architecture with the required functional elements served by the buildings. There are over two dozen examples on display in the city, including apartment buildings and buildings for public and private enterprise. He was also tasked by the city to design and construct the city’s new Stadtbahn or municipal railway, including all necessary technical and mechanical fixtures required to operate a transport system. Many of his station buildings (e.g., U4, U6) remain in use today.
The Wien Museum provided the following description:
As “architect of the metropolis,” Otto Wagner was an important European architect working at the turn of the 20th century. He was one of the first to demand a new style of architecture which was based entirely on function, material, and construction, and which would meet the needs and challenges of “modern life.” Wagner’s radical attitude and belief in progress clashed with a prevailing fear of modernization, which sparked heated debates and would be a big reason why many of his visionary designs remained only on paper. Today, Wagner’s buildings are considered milestones on the road to “functional modernism.” His book “Moderne Architektur” was a founding manifesto to 20th-century architecture.
At the front of one of his villas in the city’s western suburbs are the following quotes:
– Sine arte sine amore non est vita. (There’s no life without love or art.)
– Artis sola domina necessitas. (Necessity is art’s only mistress.)
Otto Wagner died in 1918 and is buried in Vienna’s Hietzing cemetery.
Wagner Creations
I highlight the following examples of Wagner’s creations throughout the Austrian capital city. I’ll describe Wagner’s design and development of the city’s municipal railway in a separate post.
- Ankerhaus, 1894
- Bellariastrasse Miethaus, 1869
- Denkmal für Otto Wagner, 1930 (Josef Hoffmann)
- Döblergasse Miethaus, 1911
- Grabenhof, 1875
- Kirche am Steinhof, 1907
- Köstlergasse Miethaus, 1898
- Lobkowitzplatz Miethaus, 1884
- Majolikahaus, 1898
- Musenhaus, 1898
- Neustiftgasse Miethaus, 1909
- Nussdorfer Wehr, 1898
- Österreichische Länderbank, 1884
- Österreichische Postsparkasse, 1903–1912
- Palais Hoyos & Rennweg Miethaus, 1891
- St.-Johannes-Nepomuk-Kapelle, 1895
- Schützenhaus, 1908
- Stadiongasse Miethaus, 1883
- Universitätsstrasse Miethaus, 1887
- Villa Wagner I and II, 1886–1912
- Exhibitions on Wagner
Ankerhaus, 1894
Anker commercial building.
Address: Graben 10, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Public transport: U-Bahn U1 or U3, to Stephansplatz.
Wagner designed the Anker-Versicherung insurance office and commercial building (Büro- und Geschäftshaus der Anker-Versicherung) with modern versatility and functionality. His design created a new kind of classification for multipurpose buildings that included offices, stores, apartments, and a studio. As commercial space, the two floors closest to ground level were completely encased with glass; this kind of “transparent curtain” was very unusual at the time. The building rooftop included a functioning glass-and-iron construction photography studio, which differed with surrounding buildings whose cupolas or roof structures were simply decorative. The facade here at “Zum Anker” would foreshadow his landmark Majolikahaus and Musenhaus buildings four years later; see these 2 latter buildings below. Today, Helvetia is a descendant of Anker-Versicherung, and operates its insurance company offices within the building.
On the Graben, facing southeast to the Ankerhaus (right) with enclosed glass structure on the roof – 20 May 2018 (X70).
On the Graben, facing southwest to Ankerhaus; note how the bottom two floors are encased in glass – 20 May 2018 (X70).
Bellariastrasse Miethaus, 1869
Bellariastrasse apartment block.
Address: Bellariastraße 4, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Denkmal für Otto Wagner, 1930
Otto Wagner memorial, by Josef Hoffmann.
Address: Makartgasse 2, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Döblergasse Miethaus, 1911
Döblergasse apartment block.
Address: Döblergasse 4, 7th district (Neubau).
Grabenhof, 1875
Grabenhof commericial building.
Address: Graben 14–15, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Kirche am Steinhof, 1907
Steinhof church; also known as St. Leopold Church.
Address: Baumgartner Höhe 1, 14th district (Penzing).
Public transport: Bus 46A or 46B, to stop “Feuerwache am Steinhof.”
Up on the city’s Baumgartner Heights is Europe’s first modernist church Kirche am Steinhof or Steinhof Church. Known also as the Church of St. Leopold, the structure is one of the city’s finest examples of turn-of-the-century architecture. Designed and built by Otto Wagner, the church was inaugurated in 1907 for patients of the Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, which is now a part of the Klinik Penzing complex. The roof is topped with a copper-covered dome whose golden appearance in daylight merits the moniker “Limoniberg” (lemon hill) that’s visible for miles around.
The church was a collaborative effort with other Vienesse artists, including Koloman Moser’s mosaics and stained glass, Othmar Schimkowitz’s angel sculptures, and Richard Luksch’s exterior tower sculptures. The Steinhof church and the Austria Post Savings Bank building (see below) are period masterpieces of architecture and two of Wagner’s most important creations.
Side profile – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Front facade – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Sculpted by Richard Luksch, the two tower figures represent Lower Austria’s patron saints St. Leopold and St. Severin at left and right, respectively – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Front detail with sculptural angels by Othmar Schimkowitz and stained glass by Koloman Moser. Photo on 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Köstlergasse Miethaus, 1898
Köstlergasse apartment block.
Address: Köstlergasse 3, 6th district (Mariahilf).
Public transport: U-Bahn U4, to Kettenbrückengasse.
As his own contractor and client, Wagner built a triplet of apartment houses opposite the Naschmarkt in Vienna: Linke Wienzeile 38 and 40 (see below), and Köstlergasse 3. These three buildings were known as the Wienzeilenhäuser or the Wienzeile Buildings. Köstlergasse 3 was constructed in the Art Nouveau style, and Wagner lived for a time in the ground-floor apartment, famous for the legendary glass bathtub. Wagner built for modernity, showed his creations for modernity, and lived with his creations as a sign of changing modernity (from the 19th- into the 20th-century).
Köstlergasse 3, one of Wagner’s residence buildings – 16 May 2018 (6D1).
Lobkowitzplatz Miethaus, 1884
Lobkowitzplatz apartment block.
Address: Lobkowitzplatz 1, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Public transport: U-Bahn U1 or U3, to Stephansplatz.
Augustinerstrasse, facing northwest; the Lobkowitzplatz Apartments is the yellow building with the corner cupola. Photo, 19 May 2022.
Entrance to Lobkowitzplatz Apartments, with the “Otto Wagner” stylized green metal work. Photo, 19 May 2022.
Majolikahaus, 1898
Majolica building.
Address: Linke Wienzeile 40, 6th district (Mariahilf).
Public transport: U-Bahn U4, to Kettenbrückengasse.
Opposite the busy Naschmarkt market space at address Linke Wienzeile 38 and 40 are the buildings Musenhaus and Majolikahaus, respectively. The Majolika House is named because the exterior wall is covered in square panels consisting of glazed earthenware or ceramic Majolica tiles. On these tiles, Wagner’s student Alois Ludwig designed the decorative elements with brightly coloured flowers and plants. The green refers directly to the colour scheme used in the city’s municipal railway, also designed by Wagner.
Majolikahaus and Musenhaus, at left and right, respectively – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Majolikahaus: The garland of flowers seem to spill over the roofline.
Roof cornice and frontage tiles. Photo on 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Apartment balcony, its decorative railing, and detail in the tiles – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Musenhaus, 1898
Muses (Medallions) building.
Address: Linke Wienzeile 38, 6th district (Mariahilf).
Public transport: U-Bahn U4, to Kettenbrückengasse.
Next to the Majolikahaus is the Musenhaus or the Muses’ House. The building is named for the exterior plaster facade on which styled gold medallions of muses appear. The medallions also give this building the name Medaillonshaus or Medallion House. The gilded relief medallions, palm fronds, and golden tendrils were designed by Koloman Moser. Anchoring the roof line are Othmar Schimkowitz‘s sculptures of female figures shouting out into the space.
Both Majolikahaus and Musenhaus have uniform verticality and uniform storey heights, with apartments designed with equal functionality and value. Wagner’s trio of Wienzeilenhäuser (Wienzeile Buildings) provided exceptional cases for urban architecture in the city’s burgeoning Art Nouveau movement. All three buildings and their newly furnished apartments displayed Wagner’s growing vision for sophisticated living and new ideas about modernism leading into the 20th-century.
Musenhaus and Majolikahaus, at centre and left, respectively – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Musenhaus: The palm fronds seem to hang over the roof with corner sculptures by Othmar Schimkowitz.
Musenhaus detail by Koloman Moser. Photo on 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Each “medallion” includes a muse – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Neustiftgasse Miethaus, 1909
Neustiftgasse apartment block.
Address: Neustiftgasse 40/Döblergasse 2, 7th district (Neubau).
Nussdorfer Wehr, 1898
Nussdorf dam/weir.
Address: Schemerlbrücke, 20th district (Brigittenau).
Public transport: U-Bahn U4 to Heiligenstadt, then tram D to stop “Nussdorf S”. S-Bahn train S40 to Nussdorf.
Vienna established itself on the banks of the Danube river, but experienced major periods of flooding in low-lying areas over the centuries. Civic projects attempted to tame the Danube at large by the 2nd-half of the 19th-century by regulating the river’s flow and prevent flooding. Between 1870 and 1875, the Danube was straightened to allow safe improved navigation for shipping, and included an artificial channel called the Donaukanal (Danube Canal). Additional river management projects included construction of low dams (weirs) and overflow or control gates (sluices). At Nussdorf from 1894 to 1898, Otto Wagner designed and put up a weir and sluice to control the water flow into the Danube Canal. Opened in 1898, the Schemerlbrücke bridge hovers over the weir with proud bronze lions facing north on one side of the bridge and beautiful light fixtures on the other side.
Schemerlbrücke bridge; the 2 bronze lions are by sculptor Rudolf Weyr. The inauguration year of 1898 is shown at left as Roman numeral “MDCCCIIC” because horizontal space on the bridge pier was restricted; the common Roman numeral representation for 1898 is “MDCCCXCVIII”. Photo on 19 May 2018 (X70).
Sluice-control and administration building – 19 May 2018 (X70).
Facing north from the bridge along the canal, towards the Danube river, flowing left to right. Photo on 19 May 2018 (X70).
On one of the bridge pylons is “Viribus unitis” (“With united forces”), which was the personal motto of Emperor Franz Joseph I, and symbolized the might of the Austria-Hungarian empire. Photo on 19 May 2018 (X70).
Österreichische Länderbank, 1884
Austria National Bank, former headquarters.
Address: Hohenstaufengasse 3, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Public transport: U-Bahn U2, to Schottentor.
Österreichische Postsparkasse, 1906
Austria Post Savings Bank, former headquarters.
Address: Georg-Coch-Platz 2, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Public transport: U-Bahn U3 to Stubentor. U-Bahn U1 or U4, to Schwedenplatz.
Built by Otto Wagner between 1904-1912, the Austria Post Savings Bank with its detached glass-and-steel construction is deliberately set back from the Ring road to emphasize the building’s different appearance compared to the surrounding “historical constructions.” As masterpieces, this bank building and the Steinhof church (see above) are considered two of the most important pieces of architecture by Wagner. The building facade is encased in a layer of thin white marble panels fastened by aluminum-headed steel bolts, giving the appearance of a “secure money box”. This look was always the intent, constructed within the style afforded by purpose and function. The bank was completed in two construction phases from 1903 to 1912. This building was home to the headquarters BAWAG PSK, the fourth largest bank in Austria. In early-2019, the BAWAG Group moved out and into a new building near the city’s central station. With construction plans for condominiums, the building remains open to visitors who wish to view the foyer, atrium, and modest architectural museum inside.
The Post Savings Bank building and the Steinhof church (see above) are period masterpieces of architecture, and two of Wagner’s most important creations.
Austria Post Savings Bank, front exterior – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Rooftop angel, by Othmar Schimkowitz – 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Main hall, facing west; glass roof and glass floor maximized natural light into the floors here and below. Photo, 18 May 2018 (6D1).
Palais Hoyos & Rennweg Miethaus, 1891
Hoyos Palace, Rennweg apartment block.
Address: Rennweg 3 and 5, 3rd district (Landstrasse).
Public transport: Tram 71, to stop “Am Heumarkt”. U-Bahn U1 or U4, to Karlsplatz.
St.-Johannes-Nepomuk-Kapelle, 1895
St. John of Nepomuk chapel.
Address: Währinger Gürtel bei U-Bahn-Bogen 115, 9th district (Alsergrund).
Public transport: U-Bahn U6, to Währinger Strasse/Volksoper.
The construction of this modest chapel provided the blueprint a decade later for his grand Steinhof Church project; see above. The cupola or dome for both churches look very similar.
St.-Johannes-Nepomuk-Kapelle, next to the elevated U6 tracks and railway arch at Währinger Gürtel – 8 Jun 2022.
St. John of Nepomuk Chapel, from Klammergasse – 8 Jun 2022.
Schützenhaus, 1908
Former flood-control building; now restaurant.
Address: Obere Donaustrasse 26, 2nd district (Leopoldstadt).
Public transport: U-Bahn U2 or U4, to Schottenring.
Schützenhaus, across the Danube canal from Schottenring station – 25 May 2022 (X70).
Stadiongasse Miethaus, 1880
Stadiongasse apartment block; now, Embassy of Colombia.
Address: Stadiongasse 6, 1st district (Innere Stadt).
Public transport: Tram to stop “Rathaus” or “Parlament”.
Present-day Embassy of Colombia, formerly apartment block – 25 May 2022.
Universitätsstrasse Miethaus, 1887
Universitätsstrasse apartment block, also called “Hosenträgerhaus”.
Address: Universitätsstrasse 12, 9th district (Alsergrund).
Public transport: Tram to stop “Landesgerichtsstrasse”.
Universitätsstrasse 12. Photo, 25 May 2022 (X70).
Villa Wagner I & II, 1886–1912
Two villas.
Addresses in the 14th district (Penzing): I at Hüttelbergstrasse 26; II at Hüttelbergstrasse 28.
Public transport: Bus 43B, 52A, or 52B; to stop “Campingplatz Wien West 1”.
Former Villa Otto Wagner I; now, Ernst Fuchs Museum. Photo, 3 Jun 2022 (X70).
“Brunnenhaus”, by Ernst Fuchs (1991), next to the Ernst Fuchs Museum. Photo, 3 Jun 2022 (X70).
Former Villa Otto Wagner II. Photo, 3 Jun 2022 (X70).
Front entrance, to former Villa Otto Wagner II. Photo, 3 Jun 2022 (X70).
Exhibitions on Wagner
Otto Wagner Pavillon Karlsplatz: at Karlsplatz, 1st district.
Wien Museum Karlsplatz: Karlsplatz 8, 1st district.
Public transport: U-Bahn U1 or U4, to Karlsplatz.
A permanent exhibition of Otto Wagner’s life and work is on display at Wagner’s former station building Wien Museum Otto Wagner Pavillon Karlsplatz. In celebration of the century of Vienna Modernism in 2018, a detailed exhibition of his architectural designs was also on display at the Wien Museum Karlsplatz.
The Karlsplatz station pavilions were designed and constructed by Wagner for the city railway. One of the buildings hosts the Wien Museum Otto Wagner Pavillon Karlsplatz. The second station building (not shown) houses a café and club. Photo on 16 May 2018 (X70).
1985 model of Steinhof Church, exhibition at Wien Museum Otto Wagner Pavillon Karlsplatz – 16 May 2018 (X70).
At the east end of Karlsplatz square is the Wien Museum Karlsplatz, now closed for renovations since 2019. Photo on 20 May 2018 (X70).
Sketch portrait of Otto Wagner, by contemporary artist Egon Schiele in 1910. Exhibition at Wien Museum Karlsplatz – 20 May 2018 (X70).
1:50 scale model of central “avant-corps” (front facade) for the Postsparkasse savings bank building, by Roland Stadlbauer 2017; note angel sculpture on the roof. Exhibition at Wien Museum Karlsplatz – 20 May 2018 (X70).
1988 reproduction by Hans Kropf, 1903 model for the planned and unrealized City Museum. Exhibition at Wien Museum Karlsplatz – 20 May 2018 (X70).
Sources
• Geretsegger, H. & Peintner, M.; Otto Wagner 1841–1918: The Expanding City, The Beginning of Modern Architecture, English translation (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970).
• Kortz, P., Wien am Anfang des XX. Jahrhunderts, 1–2. Bände (Wien: Gerlach & Wiedling, 1905). Available from archive.org: volumes one and two [accessed Apr 2023].
• Öser, C., Otto Wagner in Wien: Erbe eines Visionärs, 10 April 2018, <https://coeser.de/blog/index.php/2018/04/10/otto-wagners-wien-erbe-eines-visionaers/> [accessed Feb 2023].
• Öser, C., Otto Wagner in Wien: Die unbekannten Schätze, 17 April 2018, <https://coeser.de/blog/index.php/2018/04/17/otto-wagners-wien-die-unbekannten-schaetze> [accessed Feb 2023].
• Parsons, N., Vienna: A Cultural History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
• Sarnitz, A. (ed.), Architecture in Vienna (Wien: Springer-Verlag, 1998).
• Sarnitz, A., Otto Wagner 1841–1918: Forerunner of Modern Architecture (Köln: Taschen, 2005).
• Schorske, C.E., Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York: Alfred E. Knopf, Inc., 1980).
• Smith, D.J.D., Only In Vienna: Guide to Unique Locations, Hidden Corners and Unusual Objects (The Urban Explorer, 4th ed., 2015).
• Wagner, O., Einige Skizzen, Projecte, und ausgeführte Bauwerke, 1–4. Bände (Wien: Kunstverlag Ant. Schroll v. Comp., 1890–1922). Available from Wien Bibliothek: <https://www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/wbrobv/content/titleinfo/1948214?query=Einige%20Skizzen%20Projekte%20Ausgef%C3%BChrte%20Bauwerke> [accessed Apr 2023].
I made all photos above with a Canon EOS6D mark1 (6D1) and a Fujifilm X70 fixed-lens prime (X70) in 2018 and 2022. Alle Fotoaufnahmen sind von Wasserzeichen versehen worden. This post appears on Fotoeins Fotografie at fotoeins DOT com as https://wp.me/p1BIdT-bIA.
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