Fotoeins Fotografie

By HL fotoeins on 25 Jun 2018

I’m neither tragic nor hip, but I know a little bit about Canadian icon and band, The Tragically Hip, and specifically, a song of theirs called “Springtime in Vienna.”

I can’t play a musical instrument, but I especially liked listening to a performance of Johann Strauss II’s “An der schönen blauen Donau” (The Blue Danube) on an intercity river catamaran between Vienna and Bratislava.

What I’m totally convinced is when spring comes calling, I’m allergic to nature. I’m a living example to irritation and inflammation, and living consequence to nature’s response to spring.

S is not just for entropy

I can’t say I’m surprised by my body’s reaction, with memories of spring in Heidelberg, Germany from long ago. But I’m surprised by the intensity at which my eyes and nose are “vigorously rebelling” against the different tree and flower pollen throughout Austria.

I suppose one goes about life attempting to accommodate as many things as possible, and then, to remove what’s detrimental, and keep what’s beneficial. Most will say time in nature has clear benefits: physical exertion, social networking (for reals), and fresh air. The first is agreeably necessary, the second is dubious in the age of the mobile’s reach, whereas the third comes with a big qualification. One conclusion I keep coming back to time and time again is that nature in spring is simply a declaration of war on my eyes and nose. What happens next is frankly unseemly when my eyes become collecting centres for thin strands of rheum and my nose becomes an overactive production centre for mucus.

I’ll be all right, and by the time I arrive in the Austrian capital, I learn to accommodate the distraction and lack of sleep. Besides, I understand the coffee’s pretty good here in town. I begin the day with eyedrops and equipped with tissue packets, I’m on another academic pilgrimage, this time to Vienna’s Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery).

This piece is also partly about entropy in the branch of physics called statistical mechanics¹, and how it’s related in a way to my unstoppable allergies. The concept of entropy is at the very heart of The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy is a measure of a system’s energy that is unavailable for work or of the degree of a system’s disorder; entropy in the universe never decreases. In the 19th-century, scientists such as Ludwig Boltzmann provided a statistical basis to describing entropy. In 1877, Boltzmann defined entropy to be proportional to the logarithm of the number of individual ‘microstates’ occupied by a physical system. For a gas consisting of N particles (typically N is 10^23 or 1 followed by 23 zeros) at room temperature and atmospheric conditions, the number of microstates, W, goes as exp(N) or the exponential of N, which is a staggeringly large number.

After a few minutes of wandering various avenues in the cemetery, I find the grave for Ludwig Boltzmann. Appearing above Boltzmann’s solemn sculpted head is the equation for entropy, S:

The formula above is known as the Boltzmann entropy equation, familiar to all who encounter thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as part of their physics education. In essence, the equation describes the “disorder” (or even messiness) of a physical system, dependent upon large numbers of “microscopic configurations.”

I imagine S might have once been related to microSTATES, but I believe W is related to the German word for probability: “Wahrscheinlichkeit.” The physical number constant k_B is named after Boltzmann; i.e., the Boltzmann constant. From a classroom decades ago at Simon Fraser University to standing present-day in a cemetery on the other side of the world, my hand rests on the cool white marble of the grave. Which is then promptly followed by my gusty sneeze.

Not only does S represent entropy, it’s also for Sneezy, Scratchy, and Snotty. I blow my nose for the Nth time, and I leave Boltzmann behind to search for Beethoven, Brahms, and Strauss. I can’t help but think about how my response to spring isn’t abating and how it might not go away. It is after all the delicious affliction of time spent in Europe, this one week in mid-May, in the full bloom of springtime in Vienna.

Alternatively, the entropy equation may be written as:

where k_B is Boltzmann’s constant and a logarithm to the base e (Euler’s number) known also as the natural logarithm is written as “ln”.

In 1929, Boltzmann’s remains were exhumed from Döbling cemetery and moved to a new “grave of honour” at the city’s central cemetery. The new grave included a wall of marble onto which the equation was added, as recommended by city administrators at the time. An official ceremony unveiling Boltzmann’s new resting spot took place in 1933.

In truth, what are commonly called the Boltzmann equation and Boltzmann constant should both be attributed to Max Planck. Planck explicitly wrote out and published the equation in 1900 and 1901, when he was convinced to describe individual light particles after Boltzmann’s mathematical treatment of probability within collections with large numbers of particles.

Arkadenhof, Uni Wien

Boltzmann also appears as a monument in the courtyard arcade at the University of Vienna. The monument caption reads as:

Ludwig Boltzmann
geb(oren) 1844, gest(orben) 1906.
Professor der Mathematik, 1873-1876.
Professor der theoretischen Physik: 1894-1900, 1902-1906.

Born 1844, died 1906.
Professor of mathematics, 1873-1876.
Professor of theoretical physics, 1894-1900 and 1902-1906.

Photo on 16 May 2018.

¹ Statistical mechanics is a branch of physics where the description of a macroscopic physical system is in terms of the statistics of the motions of the microscopic constituents of the system. In a university-level physics program, ‘stat mech’ is typically introduced as a one-semester course or series of lectures at the sophomore to junior level which follows a one-semester course on thermodynamics.

•   “Boltzmann’s Atom” by David Lindley (2001): a review.

Last edited: 1 Jan 2023. I made all images on 16 and 20 May 2018 with a Fujifilm X70 fixed-lens prime. This post appears on Fotoeins Fotografie at fotoeins DOT com as https://wp.me/p1BIdT-bS3.